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Ligature: A connecting stroke that joins two letters together in a word.It is the guideline that defines the upper limit of all minuscules that do not have ascenders. For letters to be parallel to each other, they all must have the same slant. Letter slant, Axis: The degree to which the letters leans away from the horizontal or baseline.Is the hairline stroke with which most letters begin. Lead-in stroke: Also called entrance stroke.

Thin: A light upstroke, also called hairline.Exit Stroke: The hairline stroke with Wichita most of the minuscules and many of the majuscule letters end.Descender line: This line defines the lower limit of all the minuscule letters that have descenders with loops.Descender: The lower part (below the baseline) of the minuscule f,g,j,p,q, and y.Counter: The space inside a letter that is either part of fully enclosed by the thick and thin lines that define the form of a letter.Baseline: Also called the writing line, is the base that defines the lower limit or where letters lay.Ascender line: The guideline that defines the upper limit of all minuscules that have ascenders with loops.Ascender: The upper part (above the waistline) of the minuscules b,d,f,h,k, and l.SCRIBES: They were the professionally trained (sometimes tied to religion) people that were in charge of transcribing, creating copies of books and some of the most skilled calligraphy masters.HAND: When we go over the historical alphabets, we will reference each style like a hand.ALPHABET: Set of letters in a similar style that show all basic characters needed to create a font.FONT: Is a single specific weight or style of a typeface ( Helvetica Bold, Helvetica italic, etc.).TYPEFACE: A family of fonts, usually with different weights and styles (bold, italic, thin, etc.).We are referring to the use of letters created by type designers, and the arrangements of those letters that have been established by them.

TYPOGRAPHY: The art of using pre-designed letters.

We sketch, erase, correct, add, repeatedly until we are happy with the letterform and the connections between them. In this case, we build the letters using as many strokes as necessary.

LETTERING: The art of drawing letters.

No matter the tools we use dip pen, flat pen, brush marker, regular brush, etc., we make a stroke for every essential part of the letter, sometimes a whole letter or word.

CALLIGRAPHY: The art or writing letters.

I already went into detail on each difference in this post: The difference between lettering, Calligraphy, and Typography. As we go into the details of this post, is important to differentiate the terms that many times beginners use interchangeably, but that are VERY different.